- Industry: Art history
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Società di artisti formata nel 1948 a St. Ives, Cornovaglia, Bretagna. È parte della storia dello sviluppo dell'arte moderna e astratta all'interno della colonia degli artisti di St Ives. La società Penwith era formata da artisti astratti, staccandosi dal St Ives Society di artisti, che era troppo conservatore per loro. Aveva già formata la scheggia cripta Group all'interno della St Ives Society, ma dal 1988 sentivo la necessità di separazione completa. I fondatori della società Penwith erano Barbara Hepworth e Ben Nicholson insieme al resto del gruppo cripta, tra cui Peter Lanyon, che ha giocato un ruolo di primo piano. Hanno invitato l'eminente critico e sostenitore dell'arte moderna, Herbert Read, per essere il loro Presidente.
Industry:Art history
A system for representing objects in three-dimensional space (i. E. For representing the visible world) on the two-dimensional surface of a picture. Basic, or linear perspective, was invented in Italy in the early fifteenth century and first developed by the painter Paolo Uccello. Perspective rests on the fact that although parallel lines never meet, they appear to do so as they get further away from the viewer towards the horizon, where they disappear. The sides of a road, or later, railway lines, are obvious examples. In painting all parallel lines, such as the roof line and base line of a building, are drawn so as to meet at the horizon if they were extended. This creates the illusion of distance, and the point at which the lines meet is called the vanishing point. Things look smaller the further away they are, and perspective enabled painters accurately and consistently to calculate the size things should be in relation to their supposed distance from the viewpoint. Early perspective systems used a single fixed viewpoint with a single vanishing point. Later, multiple vanishing points were introduced which enabled a much more naturalistic representation of a scene to be made, because it was closer to the way we actually see, that is, from two eyes which are in constant motion. Atmospheric, or aerial perspective, creates the sense of distance in a painting by utilising the fact that the atmosphere appears more blue in the distance.
Industry:Art history
Originally a French term, meaning in English, vanguard or advance guard (the part of an army that goes forward ahead of the rest). Applied to art, means that which is in the forefront, is innovatory, which introduces and explores new forms and in some cases new subject matter. In this sense the term first appeared in France in the first half of the nineteenth century and is usually credited to the influential thinker Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the forerunners of socialism. He believed in the social power of the arts and saw artists, alongside scientists and industrialists, as the leaders of a new society. In 1825 he wrote: 'We artists will serve you as an avant-garde' the power of the arts is most immediate: when we want to spread new ideas we inscribe them on marble or canvas' What a magnificent destiny for the arts is that of exercising a positive power over society, a true priestly function and of marching in the van (i. E. Vanguard) of all the intellectual faculties!' Avant-garde art can be said to begin in the 1850s with the Realism of Gustave Courbet, who was strongly influenced by early socialist ideas. This was followed by the successive movements of modern art, and the term avant-garde is more or less synonymous with modern. Some avant-grade movements such as Cubism for example have focused mainly on innovations of form, others such as Futurism, De Stijl or Surrealism have had strong social programmes. The notion of the avant-garde enshrines the idea that art should be judged primarily on the quality and originality of the artists vision and ideas.
Industry:Art history
French term meaning out of doors. Refers to practice of painting entire finished picture out of doors as opposed to simply making preparatory studies or sketches. Pioneered by Constable in Britain c. 1813-17, then from c. 1860 became fundamental to Impressionism. Important technical approach in development of Naturalism. Subsequently became extremely widespread and part of practice of Rural Naturalists for example. Sometimes taken to extremes e. G. By Stanhope Forbes of whom there exists a photograph of him painting on a beach in high wind with canvas and easel secured by guy ropes.
Industry:Art history
Refers to a social structure in which many small groups maintain their unique cultural identity within a broader culture. In an art context, pluralism refers to the late 1960s and 1970s when art, politics and culture merged as artists began to believe in a more socially and politically responsive form of art. The art historian Rosalind Krauss characterised this period as 'diversified, split and factionalised. Unlike the art of the last several decades, its energy does not seem to flow through a single channel for which a synthetic term, like Abstract Expressionism, or Minimalism, might be found. In defiance of the notion of collective effort that operates behind the very idea of an artistic 'movement', 70s art is proud of its own dispersal. '
Industry:Art history
A painting made up of more than three panels. Paintings of three panels are triptychs and of two, diptychs. (See Altarpiece. )
Industry:Art history
The coastal town in north-west France which Paul Gauguin frequented between 1886 and 1894. With a group that included Emile Bernard and Paul Sérusier he developed a Synthetic style of painting that emphasised, through bold outline and simplified structure, a symbolic and emotional response to the Breton people and landscape. (See also Synthetism)
Industry:Art history
Art produced in response to the aftermath of colonial rule, frequently addressing issues of national and cultural identity, race and ethnicity. Frantz Fanon provided a theoretical framework for interpreting the oppression of the individual under imperialism—a significant element of much postcolonial art—and initiated the investigation of diversity and hierarchy in postcolonial cultures undertaken by writers such as Edward Said, Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha.
Industry:Art history
Termine generico per descrivere i cambiamenti nell'Impressionismo da circa 1886, data dell'ultimo spettacolo del gruppo impressionista a Parigi. Meglio si limita alle quattro figure principali che ha sviluppato ed esteso Impressionismo in direzioni nettamente diverse. Cézanne ha mantenuto la dottrina fondamentale della pittura dalla natura ma con aggiunto rigore, notoriamente dicendo ' voglio rifare Poussin dalla natura '. (Poussin essendo notoriamente intellettuale pioniere del paesaggio francese). Seurat mettere pittura impressionista della luce e del colore su base scientifica (neo-impressionismo, divisionismo). Gauguin mantenne intensa luce e colore ma respinto dipinto dalla natura e reintrodotto materia fantasioso. Van Gogh dipinto dalla natura ma sviluppato altamente personale uso del colore e la pennellata direttamente esprimendo la risposta emotiva al soggetto e il suo mondo interiore.
Industry:Art history
Termine usato da circa il 1970 per descrivere cambiamenti visti prendere posto nella società occidentale e la cultura degli anni sessanta. Questi cambiamenti è nata da antiautoritaria sfide per le ortodossie prevalente su tutta la linea. Nell'arte, nel postmodernismo era in particolare una reazione contro il modernismo. Si può dire di iniziare con la Pop art e ad abbracciare gran parte di ciò che seguì tra cui arte concettuale, Neoespressionismo, arte femminista e Young British Artists degli anni novanta. Alcune caratteristiche notevoli del postmodernismo sono che crolla la distinzione tra cultura alta e massa o cultura popolare; che tende a cancellare il confine tra arte e vita quotidiana; e che si rifiuta di riconoscere l'autorità di un singolo stile o definizione di ciò che l'arte dovrebbe essere.
Industry:Art history
